ASTM D1185 is the foundational US standard for pallet structural testing. This guide covers each test method, what it measures, and how to interpret test reports.
What ASTM D1185 Covers
ASTM D1185 (Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping) defines six structural test methods: static compression, dynamic compression, racking, fork-tine handling, sling handling, and incline impact. Each test produces a numerical performance metric that can be compared across pallet designs.
Static Compression Testing
Static compression measures the maximum load a pallet can support when stacked without movement. Per ASTM D1185 Section 11, the test applies progressive load until failure, reporting peak load and deflection. The NWPCA Pallet Design System uses static compression results to engineer pallets for specific applications.
Dynamic Compression Testing
Dynamic compression measures pallet performance under repeated load cycling, simulating real-world shipping vibration and stack pressure. Per ASTM D1185 Section 12, the test applies cyclic load typically at 10-100 Hz frequency for thousands of cycles. Industries with vibration-prone shipping (long-haul trucking) should specify dynamic compression requirements.
Racking Test
The racking test measures pallet performance when supported only at the ends, simulating selective rack storage. Per ASTM D1185 Section 13, the test applies center-load until failure or specified deflection. The Rack Manufacturers Institute uses ASTM D1185 racking results to validate ANSI MH16.1 rack-load capacity claims.
Fork-Tine Handling Test
Fork-tine handling tests measure pallet response to fork insertion under load. Per ASTM D1185 Section 14, the test applies load via instrumented fork tines, measuring deflection and damage. Pallets failing this test exhibit stringer cracking, deck-board separation, or lift-disruption events under normal warehouse handling.
Test Report Interpretation
A complete ASTM D1185 test report includes: pallet specifications (dimensions, wood species, deck-board count, fastener type), test conditions (humidity, temperature, load profile), peak load and deflection by test method, failure mode descriptions, and load capacity calculations per ASTM-defined factors of safety. Procurement teams should request ASTM D1185 reports for any high-spec pallet purchase.
Authoritative References
- ASTM International (ASTM): the global standards body that publishes ASTM D1185 (Standard Test Methods for Pallets and Related Structures Employed in Materials Handling and Shipping).
- National Wooden Pallet & Container Association (NWPCA): the US trade association representing wood pallet manufacturers, recyclers, and component producers, founded in 1947.
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO): the international standards organization that publishes ISO 18613 (pallet management) and ISO 6780 (flat pallets for materials handling).
- Material Handling Institute (MHI): the largest US trade association for material handling, logistics, and supply chain technologies.
- Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI): the MHI subsidiary that publishes ANSI MH16.1 pallet rack design and load capacity standards.