AMR (Autonomous Mobile Robot) is a pallet-handling robot that navigates dynamically without fixed paths.
Detailed Definition
AMRs use sensors such as LiDAR and cameras with mapping and localization software, often called SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping), to find their way and plan routes around people and obstacles. Many AMRs carry totes or carts, while pallet-handling AMRs include autonomous forklifts, pallet movers and robots that lift carts or pallets from below. They are used in distribution centers, factories and 3PL operations where routes change often and fixed guidance would be hard to install.
AMR versus AGV for pallet moves
An AGV follows a predefined path, which suits repeated moves between fixed points. An AMR plans its own route on a map and can be redeployed by changing software settings. In practice the choice depends on payload, lift height, the number of pick and drop points, traffic, and how often the layout changes. Some vendors use both terms loosely, so ask how the vehicle navigates and how new routes are set up.
What pallets need for autonomous handling
- a consistent footprint and entry style so the forks or lift deck engage correctly
- sound bottom boards or blocks, since damaged pallets can fail sensor checks
- loads within the robot's rated payload and height, with no overhang that could block safety scanners
- stable wrap, with no loose film tails hanging near the floor
Pick and drop locations usually need marked positions, and floors must be in good condition. Plan for how the robot handles a pallet that does not meet spec, such as sending it to a manual exception lane.
Safety standards to ask about
In the US, ANSI/RIA R15.08 addresses safety requirements for industrial mobile robots, and ANSI/ITSDF B56.5 applies to automatic guided industrial vehicles. Ask the vendor which standards the system was designed and validated to, and how its risk assessment covers shared aisles.
Authoritative Sources
- Material Handling Institute (MHI): the largest US trade association for material handling, logistics, and supply chain technologies.
Related Glossary Terms
Frequently Asked Questions
Can an AMR replace a forklift driver?
For some repetitive horizontal moves, such as taking pallets from a wrapper to a dock staging lane, autonomous forklifts and pallet movers can take over. Many models have lower lift heights or speeds than staffed trucks, and they need predictable pallets and floors. Most sites use AMRs alongside staffed trucks rather than replacing all manual handling.
Do AMRs need special pallets?
Not always special, but consistent. The robot is set up for certain pallet footprints, entry styles and conditions. Broken boards, mixed sizes and loose wrap cause stops. Many users write a pallet specification for automated areas and screen incoming pallets, or use new, high-grade recycled or pooled pallets in those lanes.