Freight shipping using multiple modes (rail, truck, ocean, air) typically with intermodal containers.
Detailed Definition
Intermodal freight moves in the same container or trailer across two or more transport modes, so the cargo itself is not handled when it changes mode. In the US, domestic intermodal usually means a 53 foot container moving by rail for the long haul, with drayage by truck at each end. International intermodal uses ISO shipping containers, commonly 20 or 40 feet long, moving by ocean, rail and truck. Pallets loaded into the container must be secured for every leg of the trip.
Loading pallets for rail and ocean legs
Intermodal loads see forces a single truck trip may not. Rail cars experience coupling impacts and slack action, and ocean containers move with vessel roll and pitch. Unit loads should be stable, well wrapped and secured so they cannot shift. Fill voids with dunnage, airbags or bracing, and keep the load's center of gravity low and centered. Container interiors are often narrower than dry vans, so check that your pallet footprint and orientation fit before planning a load pattern.
Paperwork and pallet requirements by route
- Export containers holding wood pallets or dunnage usually need ISPM 15 treated and marked wood packaging.
- Containers and chassis may come from different parties, so confirm free time to avoid demurrage and detention charges.
- Weight limits apply to the container, the chassis and the road legs, and road limits may be lower than the container's rated gross weight.
- Appointments at rail ramps and ports drive drayage timing.
Compare transit time and total cost with truckload before committing, since intermodal often trades speed for lower linehaul cost on longer lanes. Ask the provider for its loading and securement guidelines.
Related Glossary Terms
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between intermodal and multimodal shipping?
In common US usage, intermodal means the freight stays in one container or trailer across modes, and the shipper may deal with several carriers or an intermodal marketing company. Multimodal usually means one operator takes responsibility for the whole move under a single contract, even if several modes are used. Usage varies across the industry, so confirm what a provider includes, who is liable for damage and which documents govern each leg.
Do pallets need to be heat treated for domestic intermodal?
Not for a purely domestic move within the US. ISPM 15 applies to wood packaging material in international trade, so it matters when goods are exported, and requirements between some neighboring countries can differ. Some shippers use heat-treated pallets for all container freight so a load can be rerouted for export without repacking. Check the final destination and the importing country's rules before loading.